Gender Issues Essay

As per Elisabeth Horst, Erik Erikson’s speculations relating to personality and closeness disconcerns sexual contrasts. The essential agreement of a few essayists reasons that Erikson accepts that ladies depend on union with build up their character. This was composed when contrasts in genders were treated as bits of hindsight. He put together his speculations with respect to the manly form of understanding. However Erikson didn't depict ladies as second rate. There is by all accounts a contention in underemphasizing women’s jobs and overemphasizing women’s jobs and overemphasizing their job in the social framework. Almost no was expounded on ladies in this time. One creator (Marcia, 1980) involved that closeness turns out to be all the more a ladylike undertaking and character exhibits a manly errand. Orlosfsky (1977) characterizes the manly attributes, for example, freedom, self-sufficiency, and emphaticness considerably more essential to framing personality than the more ladylike qualities of warmth, delicacy, and comprehension. A few authors can't help contradicting Erikson’s hypothesis of human advancement since they believed him to be a chauvinist. His works included the manly viewpoint more than the female side in his investigations. Horst, E. A. (1995). Reconsidering Gender Issues in Erikson’s Stages of Identity and Intimacy. Diary of Counseling and Development, 73 (3), 271-278. Marcia, J. (1980). Personality in Adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed. ), Handbook of Adolescent Psychology. New York. Wiley. Individuation and Attachments Many women's activist critize Erik Erikson’s hypothesis in light of disregard or misprotrayal of female experience. He appears to assume that character goes before closeness. This appears to add confinements to his all inclusive hypothesis of human turn of events. Despite the fact that he incorporates trust, independence, activity, industry, character, closeness, generativity, and trustworthiness into his hypotheses. Erikson exhibits the phases of life as: (I) Infancy demonstrating trust versus question ages 0-16 months (II)Early Childhood 17 three years (III) Play Age (IV)School Age 6-12 (V) Adolescent (VI) Young Adult (VII) Adulthood (VIII) Mature Age It shows up as though Erikson didn't expound on connection during early stages and adolescence, in this manner the need to apply the ideas of Jean Piaget.

Genetic Testing free essay sample

Qualities, the compound messages of heredity, speak to a plan of our potential outcomes and impediments. The inheritance of ages of predecessors, our qualities convey the way in to our likenesses and our uniqueness. At the point when qualities are working appropriately, our bodies create and work easily. In any case, should a solitary quality or even a small section of a solitary quality go to one side, the outcomes can prompt deformations and infection, even passing. In the previous 20 years, astonishing new methods have permitted researchers to get familiar with a lot about how qualities work and how qualities are connected to infection. Progressively, specialists can distinguish transformations, changes inside qualities that can prompt explicit issue. Tests for quality changes make it conceivable not exclusively to distinguish sicknesses as of now in progress yet additionally, in specific circumstances, to anticipate ailments yet to come. Hereditary testing identifies modifications in DNA or chromosomes. The consequences of hereditary tests can be utilized to analyze hereditary infection, anticipate dangers of ailment, and recognize transporters of hereditary malady. We will compose a custom exposition test on Hereditary Testing or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Human hereditary testing requires research center examination of DNA secluded from tests including cells, blood, or amniotic liquid. When a particular change in a quality that corresponds with an ailment had been recognized, researchers create tests that can recognize an adjusted duplicate of the quality from a duplicate without the modification. Hereditary testing should be possible at a wide range of times in one’s life. Indicative or corroborative hereditary testing can distinguish or affirm the determination of an illness or condition. Hereditary tests likewise can be utilized to decide one’s danger of building up a specific malady or condition, similar to coronary illness or bosom malignant growth, further down the road. Hereditary tests can be utilized to decide if an individual will have a specific response towards a medication or prescription. Grown-ups considering having kids can experience transporter screening on the off chance that they are worried that they might be in danger to have a youngster with a hereditary ailment. Bearer screening decides if an individual could pass a duplicate of a sickness quality to his/her youngster. Pre-birth hereditary testing of a creating hatchling during pregnancy can distinguish a change connected to momentum or future maladies. Hereditary testing of infants can recognize a hereditary illness or condition. Tests that recognize atomic changes in DNA and biochemical tests that identify metabolic conditions are utilized. Hereditary testing has potential advantages whether the outcomes are sure or negative for a quality change. Test outcomes can give a liberating sensation from vulnerability and assist individuals with settling on educated choices about dealing with their human services. For instance, a negative outcome can dispose of the requirement for pointless exams and screening tests now and again. A constructive outcome can coordinate an individual toward accessible counteraction, observing, and treatment alternatives. Some test outcomes can likewise assist individuals with settling on choices about having kids. Infant screening can recognize hereditary clutters right off the bat throughout everyday life so treatment can be begun as ahead of schedule as could be expected under the circumstances. The physical dangers related with most hereditary tests are extremely little, especially for those tests that require just a blood test or buccal smear (a strategy that examples cells from within surface of the cheek). The systems utilized for pre-birth testing convey a little however genuine danger of losing the pregnancy (unsuccessful labor) since they require an example of amniotic liquid or tissue from around the baby. A considerable lot of the dangers related with hereditary testing include the enthusiastic, social, or budgetary outcomes of the test outcomes. Individuals may feel irate, discouraged, restless, or blameworthy about their outcomes. Now and again, hereditary testing makes strain inside a family on the grounds that the outcomes can uncover data about other relatives notwithstanding the individual who is tried. The chance of hereditary separation in business or protection is additionally a worry. Hereditary testing can give just constrained data about an acquired condition. The test frequently can’t decide whether an individual will show indications of a turmoil, how serious the side effects will be, or whether the confusion will advance after some time. Another significant impediment is the absence of treatment systems for some hereditary issue once they are analyzed. This capacity raises both high expectations and grave concerns. From one perspective, prescient quality testing holds out the chance of sparing a large number of lives through anticipation or early recognition. On the other, the ramifications of test outcomes are huge, for the person as well as for family members who share this hereditary heritage, and for society all in all.

Miscommunications in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Miscommunications in the Workplace Essay As of late we have had two of our retailers get in touch with us with issues in regards to shipments they have gotten or have neglected to get. I realize this isn't the first run through this has occurred however I might want to limit the conceivable outcomes of it happening once more. It appears the base of our concern is miscommunication in the working environment. As a transportation director that has seen this sort of issue before in past work encounters and I trust I realize what we can do to explain our breakdown in correspondence between the different offices, retailers, and collaborators. As CFO I realize you will see this proposition can profit the organization both monetarily and operationally. To start with, I suggest that the organization actualize a necessary type of correspondence. I accept manually written notes are a relic of past times and that we should update our correspondence prerequisites to electronic mail. In the event that we had an email just approach we could have record of all correspondence on document without the danger of losing a post-it note. Email likewise incorporates the alternative of a read receipt, which permits the client to know when the collector has opened and perused the message or in the event that they have not seen the message yet and another structure ofâ communication, for example, a call, may be required to comply with a time constraint. The arrangement may likewise incorporate that all messages must get an answer regardless of how straightforward the message. I can head a short gathering toward the day's end to cover the execution of this arrangement. The thought here is to take out manually written notes just as casual correspondence, for example, moment envoys and interpersonal organization interchanges. We should redesign a couple of the representatives organization phones and educate them on the best way to utilize email on these gadgets. Despite the fact that messages are useful for keeping a background marked by interchanges, advertising master Lisa Elias states, When conveying sensitive data, get the telephone. A delicate manner of speaking can mollify terrible news or express warmth and mindful, though an email or content can without much of a stretch be confused, (Kouremetis 2013). In spite of the fact that email can help take out the outside types of correspondence, another conceivable goals is execute task the executives programming into the workplace. This by itself may explain the issue. There are various assignment the board programs accessible yet one that has grabbed my attention is AtTask, which is utilized by enterprises, for example, HBO, Samsung, and Adobe. AtTask will permit us to run a free preliminary of the product before buying and claims the item will permit us to perceive what is new with our ventures, in the event that we are on schedule, and when it will be done (Services, 2012). You will even approach the undertaking director to perceive what is happening in our delivery straight. AtTask even has an incorporated correspondences innovation that takes into consideration texting between colleagues and a notes framework for the customer list. That way, in the event that one individual talks with a customer of our own and they demand a change to their request he can enter the message in the customers message organizer and we would all be able to get the warning directly to our advanced mobile phones and PCs. Despite the fact that, task the executives programming will at last advantage extensive correspondence, another region that needs center is instruction around the topic of the working environment. A couple of these men have worked here for more than ten years and they know each part number by memory, yet correspondence innovation is growing out of these couple of at a fast pace. On the opposite finish of theâ spectrum, these more youthful men have sharp faculties of current mechanical progressions, yet they could utilize some additional time in learning the bit by bit forms we face regularly. I suggest that we run a workshop meeting once like clockwork for a sum of about two months to show the youthful ones the way toward transportation from us, the provider, to the buyer/retailer. This workshop might be run during hours if the opportunity arrives accessible, yet will in all probability need to occur on Saturday from 12:00 p.m. until 2:00 p.m. The teachers will be browsed 3 of our most experienced laborers who will win additional time from these additional hours. A different workshop on correspondence innovation for the representatives that have been here ought to happen once every week for 60 minutes, likely on Wednesday nights after work. The workers will be qualified for additional time with this additional hour at work. I accept that being taught on the topic of the work environment is imperative to our prosperity. Notwithstanding information on the work environment being noteworthy, another piece of the correspondence procedure that has needed certain regions is criticism. Input is one of the four significant correspondence capacities (Belch 2012). It is the way to realizing your correspondence was fruitful. We have to stress in the preparation procedure that it is alright to pose inquiries. I have witnessed it before where somebody is hesitant to approach an inquiry inspired by a paranoid fear of objection just to need to return re-work what has been finished. Posing the correct inquiries can assist us with doing it right the first run through (D.I.R.T.Fi.T.). I feel the recently referenced workshops would be an extraordinary time to re-stress the significance of posing inquiries. Likewise, as referenced in the principal proposition, all messages must get an answer or they will be caught up with a call. We should recollect that occasionally so as to get input it must be requested. In the wake of clarifying a work request or procedure it is essential to ask, Do you get it? or on the other hand Do you have any inquiries for me? Another method of getting input would be through up close and personal innovation. With our cell phones and office PCs we can send an increasingly close to home message with FTF video conferencing. Google Hangouts are a piece of the Google set-up of uses that help multi-party video visit just as other Google applications including Sketch-UP, Docs, Spreadsheets, Presentations, and screen sharing and these kinds of innovations are being prescribed asâ teaching configurations to specialists and educators around the world (Roseth, 2013). Taking everything into account, I do accept there is work to be done concerning the correspondence procedure in the work environment. I have proposed four methodologies to limit the chance of future correspondence breakdowns. Kindly don't stop for a second to get in touch with me with any inquiries you may have. You may choose to pick one or to incorporate each of the four, the decision is yours, however I do ask that you please take as much time as is needed in considering the conceivable outcomes and I do believe you will pick what is best for the organization. References Burp, G. E., Belch, M. A. (2012). Publicizing and Promotion: An Integrated Marketing Communications Perspective, ninth Edition. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kouremetis, D. (2013). Picking Communication Methods Wisely for Your Small Business. Forbes. Recovered from http://www.forbes.com/destinations/denakouremetis/2013/01/28/picking specialized strategies shrewdly for-your-independent venture/ Roseth, C. (2013). Mixing Synchronous Face-to-face and Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning in a Hybrid Doctoral Seminar. Techtrends: Linking Research Practice To Improve Learning, 57(3), 54-59. Administrations. (2012). AtTask programming administrations recovered from http://www.attask.com/administrations

Novels of Manner Evelina and Pamela, Compared and Contrasted - Literature Essay Samples

The birth of the novel occurred in in 1719, with the publication of Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. This literary form quickly became the most accessible and enjoyable style; therefore, novels began being published rapidly. With nothing for comparison and no pre-issued sets of standards, early novels often had no chapters, spelling errors (the first dictionary was not published until 1755), and no set length or format. As a result, there were many experimental formats going on in the mid-to-late 1700s. One of the most popular form to arise during this period of uncertainty was the epistolary novel. An epistolary novel is a novel that takes the form of written correspondence between the characters within a story. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, there are several advantages to this style of novel. First of all, it allows a clear view of what multiple characters are thinking and feeling because the reader is not limited to one point-of-view of focal point. It also allows the reader a more in-depth and broad look at the story itself—the reader is able to see more than one side to every event that occurs (â€Å"Epistolary Novels†). Although this particular format of the novel lost popularity in the Nineteenth Century and eventually became rare, it flourished in the Eighteenth Century and served as the preferred platform for a particularly popular genre of early novel: the novel of manners. A novel of manners is a novel that demonstrates how a person (almost always a woman) should behave in particular social situations and in daily life. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the story is â€Å"dominated† by the social customs, and the character must learn how she should act and react in certain situations (â€Å"Novel of Manners†). This genre was very popular during the Restoration and early in the Romantic period, presumably as a result of the emergence of the rake in literature and society alike. A rake is a man with little regard for morality, especially when it comes to sexuality. The rakeish men of this time often felt that they had the right to a woman’s body, despite her arguments. In many novels of manner, the themes of seduction and rape run rampant. The ultimate goal of the heroine of these tales often is to navigate her way through society politely and with her virtue intact. The novels Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded by Samuel Richardson and Evelina; or, the History of a Young Lady’s Entrance into the World by Frances Burney fit neatly into both of these aforementioned categories. Both novels are epistolary novels of manner, thereby they have much in common already. However, they also have differences, in part because one is written by a male and the other female, although both stories have a female protagonist. This paper will attempt to compare and contrast each story, exploring the stylistic and thematic similarities and differences. Ultimately, however, the two novels will be unified in genre and theme, despite having apparent differences. Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded was written by Samuel Richardson and published in 1740. It was referred to in â€Å"Learning to be Female† as â€Å"conduct-of-life† literature (Kerisson 522). The story letters tell the tale of Pamela Andrews, a servant in the household of Lady Booby. After she passes away, her son, Mr. B becomes the head of the household and wastes no time pursuing Pamela. The novel consist of a funny (if infuriating) cat-and-mouse tale of Mr. B’s unrequited love for Pamela, and Pamela cleverly escaping his grasp in order to save her virtue. Mr. B is clearly a rake character, and he attempts to seduce (or rape) Pamela on several occasions. He even hides in her room to watch her undress, and later he goes in disguise as a woman to try to get close to her. On one occasion, Pamela finally believes she is returning to her parents, only to have been tricked by Mr. B and taken to another location, another of his homes. Pamela finally does escape, but then returns out of pity when Mr. B writes to her, telling her that he has fallen ill. Although Pamela is a servant and Mr. B is a member of high society (and despite the fact that he’s literally been trying to rape her for months), the two become engaged, and Pamela handles herself with such grace and refinement that nobody seems to care that she was, at one time, a servant. Mr. B’s sister Lady Davers arrives after Mr. B must leave to attend to sick relatives, and Pamela is repeatedly insulted and ultimately held captive by Lady Davers. Pamela is forced to escape out of a window, where she is helped by Mrs. Jewkes and Monsieur Colbrand. However, being the kind and virtuous person that she is, Pamela ultimately forgive Lady Davers. She also meets Miss Goodwin, a young girl at a boarding school who is thought to be Pamela’s half sister. Eventually, Pamela learns her role as a wife of nobility, and she lives a happy life among the nobility of the land, who enjoy her co mpany. Pamela also makes sure that Miss Goodwin is well-taken care of. Pamela was generally well-received and was what we in the modern day might call a â€Å"best seller†. According to Margret Ann Doody, â€Å"everybody read it; there was a Pamela rage, and Pamela motifs appeared on teacups and fans† (â€Å"Introduction to Samuel Richardson’s Pamela†). However, Pamela also had critics that were not so friendly. Some people (of the higher class) were outraged by a rags-to-riches tale and were equally offended by how their people were portrayed in the story. In response to this critique, Richardson made some changes in hopes to pacify the critics. It was not only the upper-class that took issue with Pamela, but some of Richardson’s contemporaries did as well. Most notably, Henry Fielding wrote the novella An Apology for the Life of Mrs. Shamela Andrews, often simply called Shamela as a direct attack and satire of Richardson’s popular novel. According to â€Å"Henry Fielding Shamela Introduction†, the purpose of the parody was to â€Å"expose the hypocrisy of contemporary mores† and satirized not only the story itself, but also the political and clerical leaders of the era (LeBlanc). The introduction goes on to explain how, while Pamela uses virtue and is ultimately rewarded, Shamela behaves poorly in order to receive what she wants. Another parody was published by Eliza Haywood in 1741. Her work, entitled The Anti-Pamela; or Feigned Innocence, followed a seemingly innocent young woman named Pamela who used her cunning wit to get whatever she wished from her dim-witted master. However, despite these parodies and earlier criticisms, Pamela enjoyed enormous success. Evelina; Or, the History of a Young Girl’s Entrance into the World was written by Frances Burney and was published in 1778. Also written in epistolary form, this novel centers around Evelina Annville, a young woman being brought up by Reverend Villars after the death of her mother and her father’s rejection. Evelina is sent to live with Lady Howard and her family in Howard Grove. Evelina then travels to London with the family, where she is introduced into London high society. Evelina’s faux paus serve as a teaching tool for the readers. Evelina attends balls and plays, meets men (some more savory than others) and must learn how to fit in with this unfamiliar society. Evelina meets her grandmother, who concocts a plan to get Evelina’s father to claim her so that she will receive her inheritance. Evelina moves to London with her grandmother and her grandmother’s nephew and his children, who often embarrass Evelina. There, she meets Mr. Macartney, a Sc otsman that often seems melancholy. When she sees him about to commit suicide, Evelina heroically saves him. She later finds out that Macartney is her brother. Her father finally claims her, and Evelina receives the money due to her. She also marries Lord Orville, one of the only men with whom Evelina holds a favorable opinion throughout the novel. Unlike Samuel Richardson, Burney did not face as much criticism for Evelina. Although is was originally published anonymously, she was ousted by one of her contemporaries in a poem that she called â€Å"vile†. The dedication of the book itself reads: â€Å"The extensive plan of your critical observations, which, not confined to works of utility or ingenuity, ‘is equally open to those of frivolous amusement, -and, yet worse than frivolous, dullness,-encourages me to seek for your protection, since, perhaps for my sins!-it intitles me to your annotations. To re-sent, therefore, this offering, however insignificant, would ill become the universality of your undertaking; though not to despise it may, alas! be out of your power.† In â€Å"How to Read Like a Gentlemen† by Gina Campbell, Campbell argues that the introduction is important because Burney realizes that she needs â€Å"a benign or at least impartial reception and recognizes that it wont be granted as a matter of course† (Campbell 557). Both of these stories, although unalike in plot, have many similarities. Even before delving into the text itself, there are many similarities in Pamela and Evelina. The most apparent comparison is in the format of the text. As was mentioned earlier, both novels are epistolary novels, so each of the tales are told through letters from various characters. Continuing with non-textual similarities, both works were published in the eighteenth century. Pamela and Evelina were well-received (mostly) and widely read. In addition to these surface issues, there are also some apparent thematic similarities. Both of these works can be described as â€Å"domestic† fiction, focusing on women in the many trials of courtship, seduction, and love (Ozarska 72). Both tales are coming-of-age and courtship tales that follow a young lady’s adventures into society and eventually marriage. It is also interesting to note that both heroines are unsure who their parents are—Pamela doesnâ €™t know who her mother or father are, and Evelina knows her mother is dead but in unsure who her father is for much of the story. Another family issue present in both of the tales is discovering a sibling. Both Evelina and Pamela meet individuals who later turn out to be their siblings. In addition, both stories have subplots including possible (although not always legitimate) scares of incest. By the same token, both novels have the same ultimate goal: to teach young women how to behave in society. Although the two novels go about doing this in different ways, the outcome in ultimately the same: you will be rewarded with a comfortable life and a good(?) husband if you act virtuously. In each story, the women are â€Å"treading between social classes not sure what their circumstances will amount to† (Anpak). This is to say that neither woman is particularly high-born, although they are (by different circumstances) introduced to high society. Of course, the novels also have many differences. Stylistically, although they are both primarily epistolary novels, Pamela also contains journal entries, while Evelina does not. This may give Pamela herself more characterization, while we must learn about Evelina from other characters. Another main non-textual difference is that while Evelina was written by a woman, Pamela was written by a man. Although the Introduction does tell us that Richardson â€Å"drew profusely on the English popular fiction of his lifetime† in order to characterize Pamela believably, there is some doubt that a man ever could truly capture the thoughts and motivations of a woman and vice versa (Doody). Evelina is also considered to be an early indication of Romanticism, while Pamela is largely considered just a sentimental work. Despite the fact that maintaining virtue is a huge theme in both novels, the two heroines keep their virtue in different ways. According to â€Å"The Appeal of Beauty in Distress as Seen in Fanny Burney’s Evelina and Samuel Richardson’s Pamela: Some Typological and Intertextual Issues†, Pamela’s virtue is â€Å"that of passive and negative resistance† while Evelina demonstrates â€Å"virtue in action†. This means that while Pamela demonstrates her virtue mainly by fending off unwanted attention and suitors, Evelina actively has to make virtuous decisions while treading this new society. While Pamela is viewed as always doing the right thing, Evelina actually makes mistakes, lies, and even goes after Lord Orville against her guardian’s wishes (Tucker 430). As a result, Evelina is, in many opinions, the more interesting of the two. The novel also adds some humor to an otherwise sentimental novel. By allowing the reader to actually see Ev elina make social blunders and other mistakes, they are learning about social blunders and how to avoid them, while reading an amusing tale of a woman fumbling through the unfamiliar territory. It could be argued that while Pamela represents true virtue (always doing the right thing), Evelina represents trial and error making mistakes, learning from them, and maintaining her dignity, although she does have to apologize occasionally for her social blunders. Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded and Evelina; or, the History of a Young Lady’s Entrance into the World are both eighteenth-century novels, written in similar styles and containing similar themes, though there are some differences in the characterizations of Pamela and Evelina, as well as many differences in plot. Although the protagonists of the stories go about navigating high society in different ways, both stories serve as guidebooks for young women entering into high society and beginning to navigate courtship and love. Despite the differences in themes and plot, the goal is ultimately the same for each novel, and both stories end with the heroines receiving the same reward: marriage to a man outside of her social status. In a time when being a woman could literally be dangerous and often was, it is no wonder that stories of women resisting lustful men, moving up the societal ladder, and learning how to earn oneself a worthy husband were popular. Evelina and Pamela both struggle with difficult men and society, overcome these obstacles with grace, and eventually marry a man, moving them to a higher social status, which undoubtedly was one of the best things a woman could do for herself in this period, and certainly pleased her family as well. These novels, although no longer necessary for women in society, withstand the test of time because of the relatable characters and situations that women continue to identify with, some two hundred years later. Works Cited Anpak, Kristy. â€Å"Pamela vs Evelina: Dramatic Serenity vs At Lost Country Girl.† BritLit. Baylor University, 2013. Burney, Frances. Evelina; Or, the History of a Young Woman’s Entrance into the World. Seven Treasures Publications, 2008. Campbell, Gina. â€Å"How to Read Like a Gentlemen: Burney’s Instructions to her Critics in Evelina.† ELH, vol. 57, no. 3, 1990, pp. 557-83. Doody, Margret Ann. â€Å"Introduction to Samuel Jackson’s Pamela.† Viking Press, 1995. â€Å"Epistolary Novel.† Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007. Greenblatt, Stephen. The Norton Anthology of English Literature, Norton Co, 2012. Henry Fielding Shamela Introduction Literary Criticism (1400-1800) Ed. Michael L. LaBlanc. Vol. 82. Gale Cengage, 2003. Kerrison, Catherine. â€Å"The Novel as Teacher: Learning to Be Female in the Early American South.† The Journal of Southern History, vol. 69, no. 3, 2003, pp. 513–548. â€Å"Novel of Manners.† Encyclopedia Britannica, 2007. Richardson, Samuel. Pamela; Or, Virtue Rewarded. Penguin Group, 1985. Tucker, Irene. â€Å"Writing Home: Evelina, the Epistolary Novel and the Paradox of Property.† ELH, vol. 60, no. 2, 1993, pp. 419–439.

My Brothers By F. Scott Fitzgerald - 1797 Words

I felt the dread sink like a rock in my stomach. My two brothers, Ryan and Matthew, were on the opposite end of the spectrum. My mother had been telling us for weeks that we were going up to the farm that my family owned, but I didn’t quite believe her until today. My brothers were given dirt bikes last Christmas while I was given a ATV. Both of them had been counting down the days until they were able to finally ride the dirt bikes and that day had come. After everything was packed, I crammed myself in the van with my brothers and hoped for this trip to end quickly. After two long hours of traveling with nothing to look at but the passing trees, we finally arrived at the farm. As we piled out of the car, I looked at the dirt road we came in on and turned to the house. It was one story and had a red tin roof, surrounded by a large grassy field and then woods beyond that. Twirling around, I walked into the house and plopped onto the closes bed. As everyone else unpacked, I locked myself in the room like a petulant child. Eventually my resolve broke and I crept out of the room to see what everyone else was up to. All of the food had been unpacked and the dirt bikes and ATV had been taken off of the trailer. Helmets were promptly passed out and my brothers slung their legs over the bikes and were gone. Not about to be left behind, I jumped on my ATV and I was on their trail. The trails were newly cleared in the woods and almost running into the trees served as aShow MoreRelatedNick Carraway s A Sanitarium For Alcohol And Depression 962 Words   |  4 Pagesthe real Gatsby, and all is explained. This all sounds like some worn out soap opera a stay at home wife gets addicted to, however, it is actually the plot of F. Scott Fitzgerald s novel The Great Gatsby written in 1925 and made into two different movies; the Paramount Pictures version of 1974 and the 2013 Warner Brothers version. 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Design on Flooding Landscape Architecture

Question: Discuss about the Design on Flooding for Landscape Architecture. Answer: Introduction: Looking into this century and forward into the next century, scientists and leaders of the world concur with the prediction of massive environmental challenges to unimaginable scope and scales. Climatic changes due to human activities on the phase of the earth have posed great environmental challenges that have left the earth in a state of instability and unbalance. Landscape architecture plays a fundamental role in ensuring the challenges are brought to a control and their effects kept under constant check(Davoudi, 2009). As a landscape architect of the 21st century, I would like to design an environment which is harmless to the occupants and the elements interacting with it and sustainable that ensures minimum or no emission of compounds to the environment that increase global warming rates. In this aspect, the environment would remain livable for a long time both for the present and the future generation(Fetzer, 2014). Among the environmental concerns which if I would address in my design would be rapid urbanization, climatic change and its impacts and change of land use as experienced in the current century due to rapid population growth. Water efficient: As a result of the continued increase in the temperatures of the surface of the earth, there is a drastic change in the hydrological cycle of the climate as well as water, movement of water between oceans, land surface and atmosphere. Flooding during rainy seasons may lead to overloading of storm and transportation of pollutants into the water bodies. The higher temperatures and decrease in precipitation create risks of limited access to fresh water and drought. The changing climatic patterns call for water management strategies geared towards reusing, retaining and recycling water(Watson, 2010). Energy efficiency: Using simple energy efficient measures can reduce energy consumption by up to 20%. The owners of the buildings can take a few low-cost steps to help them in diverting the trend. Among such steps include making the inside of the buildings insulated better hence more energy efficient. Use of renewable sources of energy is a classic strategy in ensuring an efficient way of improving the energy performance of the environment and the built structures(Mertens, 2010). Recycling of materials- It is recommendable that designers and manufacturers of various items specify on recycled and local materials to help curb construction wastes that end up in landfills. It is estimated that out of over 250 million tons of waste produced in the USA every year, less than 30% is recycled translating to massive landfill depositions which are a further strain on the environment(Sheppard, 2012). Reduction of heat island effects: There is a significant rise in the temperature of the urban set up compared to the neighboring rural areas to as high as averagely seven degrees Farenheight(Deming, 2011). This unique rise in the temperature not only creates a worry among the city dwellers but also contribute to the emission of greenhouse gases from the high demand of artificial cooling especially during peak summer hours. The overall effect is a further increase in global warming. The heavy structures used in the urban regions generate a lot of heat in which these structures consume and re-radiate the solar radiations. The anthropogenic sources of heat among them power plants, vehicles and air conditioner also release additional heat to the already overstretched environment. Alternative travel encouragement: Carbon dioxide released from combustion of fuels in automobiles contributes to a significant percentage of the gases which promote global warming. There would, therefore, be a need to rethink and take appropriate measures that as far as commuting is concerned. How to achieve my aims Water efficiency: I would advocate for and design approaches that would appropriately respond to higher water efficiency needs. Through such designs as permeable pavers, bioswales, rain gardens, rooftop gardens and constructed wetlands, stormwater and rainwater can be made to penetrate into the ground as opposed to running on the surfaces. These designs would make it possible to collect the water and even store it for future use as the need may dictate(Simin, 2010). Important to note is that these designed features not only minimize the use of water but also provide green spaces that are more environmental. I will help in the device of water reuse and recycling systems which building wastewater in the maintenance of the designed landscapes. With regard to energy efficiency and use of renewable sources of energy, I would incorporate green roofs on residential structures to help check on usage of energy during winter and summer. Incorporation of green walls in design would provide insulation during winter and limit direct sunlight onto the walls during summer. These would as well facilitate energy usage reduction. These strategies would help in cooling the temperature of the air by more than ten degrees. I would offer various proposals to include renewable energy generation and maximization in the built structures(Mertens, 2010). I would salvage and reuse on-site materials in my design and proposals to reduce landfill wastes and also improve the air quality. The reuse would also old growth products of timber including posts, architectural trimmings and support beams which are seldom to find when new. I would as well change these on-site materials into artwork of varying uniqueness or reform them into design features. This step would bring more hope in the realization of sustainability as well as promote originality in design. To help reduce heat islands effects, I will introduce urban trees, paving materials of light color, open green spaces, photovoltaic canopy shades and roof+ wall systems in my design. Urban trees lower urban temperatures by bringing about shading coverage which shelter buildings as well as condition the air. Findings have it that shaded regions are up to 25 degrees cooler than the non-shaded regions in the same climate. Still, the urban trees significantly mitigate changes in the climate by sequestering and storing carbon dioxide and as through evapotranspiration. Green roofs also contribute to measurable benefits of evapotranspiration(Deming, 2011). By designing complete streets i.e. inclusive of sidewalks, trails, bike paths, and bus stations will encourage the use of sustainable travel modes. In each of the designs, I would ensure harmony with and acceptance by the community to ensure they are used by the target users appropriately. References Davoudi, S. (2009). Planning for Climate Change: Strategies for Mitigation and Adaptation for Spatial Planners. Athens: Earthscan. Deming, M. E. (2011). Landscape Architectural Research: Inquiry, Strategy, Design. Kansas: John Wiley Sons. Fetzer. (2014). Knowledge Building in Landscape Architecture: A pedagogical action research study with international online seminars. Manitowoc: kassel university press GmbH. Kanaani, M. (2015). The Routledge Companion for Architecture Design and Practice: Established and Emerging Trends. Bogota: Routledge. Mertens, E. (2010). Visualizing Landscape Architecture: Functions, Concepts, Strategies. Chicago: Walter de Gruyter. Sheppard, S. R. (2012). Visualizing Climate Change: A Guide to Visual Communication of Climate Change and Developing Local Solutions. Talcahuano: Routledge. Simin, D. (2010). Forecasting Forest Futures: A Hybrid Modelling Approach to the Assessment of Sustainability of Forest Ecosystems and Their Values. New York: Earthscan. Watson, D. (2010). Design for Flooding: Architecture, Landscape, and Urban Design for Resilience to Climate Change. London: John Wiley Sons.

Strategic Initiatives XM and Sirius Essay Example Essay Example

Strategic Initiatives: XM and Sirius Essay Example Paper Strategic Initiatives: XM and Sirius Essay Introduction One of XM’s attempts to appeal to broader demographics has been its wide variety of receivers—from personal portable systems to smart phone capabilities and all the way up to home theater systems. However, a positive short-term strategy would be to build more of a potential lifetime base of customers by targeting young people. To this end, they should focus on a demographic of 18-25 year olds. One of the simplest ways to do this is for the company to form agreements with major colleges to sell (and aggressively market) XM personal systems in campus bookstores. In turn, XM can launch a new, exclusive channel to broadcast the sports events of these universities.particularly ones that are unlikely to get major media attention. In the longer-term, this will result in more new subscribers. Another way of reaching a younger demographic it to find a way to break into the podcast phenomenon that is most commonly associated with Apple’s iPods. Integrating a recording feat ure in future models that synchs up with a wireless communication program would allow individuals to record their own podcast and, if within range of a wireless network, to go ahead and upload it. Such features are important as smart phones get more and more advanced—for all intents and purposes, all portable electronics devices are competing with what smart phones are increasingly capable of. XM already allows play through existing smart phones, such as â€Å"iPhone or Blackberry† (â€Å"Change the Way You Listen†). Integrating more interactive technology may help give XM a needed edge, though by definition this is a short-term strategy, and XM will need to adapt to newer technology and trends as they emerge. Best of all, such a feature is not that different from the existing ability to â€Å"[let] consumers record songs onto special receivers† (Numeister). Strategic Initiatives: XM and Sirius Essay Body Paragraphs One of the key long-term prospects of appealing to a younger demographic is appearing more eco-friendly. A way of doing this that doesn’t really alter how XM devices are made is to reach a partnership with companies like Prius to have XM radio already installed in those vehicles. This can be accompanied by advertisement campaigns linking environmental friendliness and XM radio in customer’s minds—slogans like â€Å"Satellite radio—so Earth-friendly it’s out of this world† with a visual focus on a satellite. The cherry on the top of this campaign would be for the monthly fee of Prius-owning XM subscribers donating a percentage to an eco-friendly charity of their choice. The final key to XM’s future is to embrace their own past. Their previous programming agreement with Clear Channel radio allowed them to appeal to conservative listeners who favored programs such as Glenn Beck’s radio talk show. Beck, particularly, is a good entit y to have a commercial agreement with, because of his ability to help sell merchandise on both his radio and his TV programs. If XM was willing to re-negotiate with Clear Channel radio and reach a similar agreement as they had before, it would be a great â€Å"quid pro quo† long-term way of marketing XM to an extremely broad audience over the airwaves. Better still, though a longer shot by far, would be an attempt to reach an exclusivity agreement with a right-wing media figure. For all intents and purposes, it would be the more conservative answer to the Sirius agreement with Howard Sterns—if XM was suddenly the only way for conservative audiences to portably hear a figure such as Glenn Beck or Rush Limbaugh, it would greatly increase both system sales and new subscribers, as well as bring old subscribers back into the fold. Value Added, Lessons Learned and Insights Gained nbsp; The value added to the company by such changes would be significant. By expanding the cust omer base, XM will receive both short-term and long-term benefits by bringing in new subscribers and illustrating to existing ones the company’s dedication to offering a variety of services to a variety of clients. These recommendations are all centered on what amounts to the key issue regarding any form of satellite radio to a potential new customer: why should they pay for the radio, when the radio in their car is free? These recommendations form a kind of variegated rhetoric to draw in different customers: individuals can feel like they’re able to follow their favorite talk-show pundit, bringing in customers based on loyalty. They can feel like they are helping to save the world by helping themselves to XM’s services, which appeals to them emotionally. They can feel like they are imparting their unique vision to the world through broadcasts, which appeals to their aggrandized sense of self. And they can also feel like embracing XM radio makes them a more soli d part of their college community, which appeals to both their sense of school spirit and, to be frank, their sense of peer pressure. The insights from this exercise are chiefly centered on this.it is surprising to learn the difficulty of how to appeal to a mass of people while still offering the vision of a company as unique and individual. However, it is rewarding to find out that such a task is far from impossible. Recommendations for Strategic Initiatives: Sirius Radio An admirable recent move on the part of Sirius to branch out from their traditionally-perceived image as a haven for bad boys such as Howard Stern is the inception of the Sirius Backseat TV initiative, offering streaming video of kid-friendly programming such as Nickelodeon, Disney Channel, and Cartoon Network. One logical extension of this progression would be to offer a cheap (less than $50), colorful receiver model (that is limited to kid-friendly music channels) that is marketed to young children. This would a ppeal to children of existing Sirius customers that wish to emulate their receiver-owning parents and, in some cases, the reverse: children requesting it as a gift from their parents may actually get their parents to purchase a receiver for themselves. Especially if an incentive was included with the children’s models which stated that their subscription to the limited â€Å"kid-friendly† stations would be free if another individual in the household purchased a receiver and a full subscription within thirty days. Otherwise, the â€Å"kid-friendly† subscription would be $5 a month. On the opposite spectrum, it would be wise for Sirius to expand an initiative they started in 2003 by launching Sirius OutQ, which appeals to the LGBT audience and invites listeners to hear â€Å"news, information, and entertainment for the gay and lesbian community.† It would be wise for Sirius to launch exclusive channels concerning music and talk radio for other minority audi ences. This is something that would appeal to a teenage and young adult demographic, which would certainly help to sell units and subscriptions among a target audience that represents years of possible subscriber income. It would also dovetail well with the image of Sirius as a more â€Å"liberal† radio station, willing to grant controversial audiences their own voice.something that is often stifled, if not outright prevented, by mainstream media. Sirius currently offers a â€Å"Sirius Music for Business† model in which businesses can legally use commercial-free Sirius broadcasts in everything from â€Å"on hold† telephone music to conference presentations. It would be profitable to expand this model to other venues, such as colleges and universities. A program with a clever name such as â€Å"Sirius for U† could provide music in university dormitories, cafeterias, and student centers. This functions well as a long-term strategy because it means exposing a rotating crop of students to Sirius programming for a period of four years. This will inevitably drive sales, and would offer a chance for universities to feature their own radio station on the Sirius network. In this way, both the university and Sirius radio will benefit. A solid long-term strategy for Sirius would be to acquire exclusive radio rights to NBA games. This would serve as an answer to XM’s exclusivity with MLB games, and help reinforce the image of Sirius as hip and sports-friendly. A short-term way of doing this would be to focus on more obscure sports—Sirius already has the world’s only horseracing talk show, and adding channels focusing on poker, chess, and even dodgeball would add a quirky charm that rival services cannot offer. One humorous hook for such a channel would be to name it â€Å"The Ocho,† in honor of the movie Dodgeball’s humorous vision of an ESPN channel that focuses exclusively on quirky sports. Value Added, Less ons Learned and Insights Gained The value added to Sirius through these suggestions primarily centers around expanding on the services it already offers. There is a reason for this—as the most recognized brand of satellite radio, Sirius has had years to throw almost every idea against the wall, and see what sticks. These ideas represent an expansion of stickiness—appealing to those who feel like mainstream outcasts while, at the same time, appealing to the nuclear family of traditional values through kid-friendly programming. It also represents an opportunity for ongoing customer appeal—the institution of a â€Å"Sirius for U† program, particularly, means that thousands of students can experience Sirius every day that otherwise would be unfamiliar with it. A continued focus on sports serves as the second part of a one-two punch that starts with the appeal to college students.a group that is traditionally sports-focused, and likelier to stick around as par t of the Sirius customer base if they feel that their favorite sport (to watch or to play) is being featured. The insight of this experience is primarily centered on perfection, as opposed to creation.as elaborated on above, Sirius is a company that has tried an impressive variety of marketing tactics over the years. The challenge comes from singling out the ones that have further potential from the ones that, rightfully, were discarded by the wayside. However, the evolving nature of business means that businesses must be constantly evolving; perfection of the moment can easily be the defects of the future, so business models must constantly strive for change. Works Cited Numeister, Larry. â€Å"Suit by Record Companies Against XM Going to Trial.† The Washington Post. n. pag. Jan 20 2007. Web. 30 May 2010 Sirius. â€Å"OutQ Radio.† n. pag. 30 May 2010 XM Radio. â€Å"Change the Way You Listen.† n. pag. Web. 30 May 2010 nbsp; nbsp; We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Initiatives: XM and Sirius Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Initiatives: XM and Sirius Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Strategic Initiatives: XM and Sirius Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Themes Of The Glass Menagerie Essays - English-language Films

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History of the New York Police Department Essay

History of the New York Police Department - Essay Example Departments within the forces that had been incorporated into the NYPD included the New York Police [which formed the bulk of NYPD], Brooklyn Police Department, Brooklyn Bridge Police, Long Island City Police Department, the Park Police [also known as Central Park] and the Telegraph Bureau. The Telegraph Bureau is the forerunner of the present day Communications Division. Over the time, these departments and units expanded and divided as they became more specialized, to the point that presently, NYPD has more than 300 units. In a closely related wavelength, the framers of the Charter punctiliously included language in the document to ensure that no political party could muster control of this police department for its own purpose. John McCullagh served as first commissioner of NYPD. At the time, the NYPD has grown to incorporate several departments and special units such as anti-organized crime unit, Emergency Service Unit, harbor patrol, K-9, bomb disposal unit, air support, counterterrorism, air support, anti-gang, criminal intelligence, anti-narcotics, public housing unit and public transportation unit. The New York City Housing Authority Police Department and the New York City Transit Police were made part of the NYPD in 1995 (Vitale, 290-92). The Demographics That Informs NYPD’s Services According to Weiss, the size of New York bespeaks the size of NYPD’s duties and roles. This is because NYPD does not only serve New York City, but also the larger geopolitical expanse which is New York as a state.

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Philosophy 2 - Business and Professional Ethics - Essay Example This paper will refute this argument in the pursuit of justifying whistle-blowing as a social and moral duty to secure the interests of society. Renowned American economist Milton Friedman offered a landmark statement when he suggested that corporate social responsibility means, primarily, making money for stockholders and implying that ethical behaviour is therefore good for shareholder wealth (Nickels et al, 2005). Friedmans suggestion indicates that business maintains a duty to those who invest in the success of an organization and must work to ensure that it bases its activities chiefly to secure the financial well-being of shareholders. Enron Corporation, a now infamous American company which was bankrupted virtually overnight for eliciting false accounting practices, offered global business a learning lesson on truth in financial disclosure, insider trading, and the ethical fiduciary responsibilities of corporate managers and directors (Berenbeim, 2002). Enron Corp. failed in its duty to sustain its responsibility to its employees and shareholders, thus offering a blow to all of society, and was publicly exposed for it s corruption by internal employees who blew the whistle on Enrons false activities. In the situation with Enron, the whistleblowers infringed on the precept of employee loyalty and, most likely, felt it was their social duty to expose corruption within the organization. However, loyalty is a feature of special, mutually-enriching relationships in which self-interest may be forfeited without anticipation for reward (Powerpoint, 2006). The key words are mutually-enriching and in the case of Enron, the whistle-blowers witnessed the firms failure to fulfil its duty and thus viewed exposure as more than merely a right, but a duty to act in a morally responsible manner to reclaim a sense of business ethics and protect investors from fraud. Thus, the whistle-blowers enacted their perceptions of justice against Enron. The term justice has been

Socialism Essay Example for Free

Socialism Essay The years between 1815-1848 saw the rise of a number of related and competing ideologies, one of them being Socialism. Socialism sought economic equality for all, and was very much against the the Laissez Faire ideal of liberalism. There were different forms of socialism as it evolved over the years. Throughout the 19th century, Europe saw an uprising and evolution of socialism led by key names Karl Marx, Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, and Robert Owen. It created equality for the majority of workers and prompted ideas of revolution. Socialism was partly rooted in the French Revolution, with a number of radical Jacobins taking the idea of political equality for all and moving it to the next step: economic equality for all through the common ownership of all property. The earliest socialist writers were coined â€Å"Utopian Socialists† by Karl Marx. Marx believed the earliest socialists offered non-scientific, unrealistic solutions to the problems of modern society. One of the influential early socialist thinkers was Count Henri de Saint-Simon. He argued the key to progress was proper organization. He also thought in highly moralistic terms. He said that every social institution must make improving conditions for the poor their main goal. In around 1830, another socialist thinker emerged: Charles Fourier. He took another approach. He was a fierce defender of freedom of choice. He established utopian communities, each with 1,620 people, where free love and voluntary unions were the norm. Many women were enthusiastic followers of Fourier because he was an early proponent of the total emancipation of women. The socialist Louis Blanc fought for a whole different right. He wanted the right to work. He believed the government should provide jobs when the private sector could not. These early Socialists birthed the ideology, but they had relatively little impact in comparison with Marx’s proletarian socialism. In 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The Communist Manifesto, which became the bible of socialism. Early Socialism was most prevalent in France, since it benefited the majority of citizens. It was mostly concentrated in France because early French utopian socialists interacted with the experiences of French urban workers. Workers cherished the memory of the radical phase of the French Revolution, and they despised the laissez-faire laws that denied workers the right to organize. Workers favored collective action and government intervention in economic life. These aspirations of the workers directly connected to utopian theorists, and a genuine socialist movement emerged in Paris in the 1830’s. From here, Karl Marx was left the task of establishing effective socialist foundations. Socialist ideas favored the working class, because the primary reason it started was to make the proletariats more equal to the bourgeoisie. Socialism looked at the free-market economies of Western Europe in the midst of the Industrial Revolution and saw exploited workers leading miserable existences while manufacturers profited enormously. Socialists felt that since the rich benefited so much, the poor should get some benefits too, since their labor supported the entire system. Karl Marx even predicted that the proletariat class would one day arise and supplant those capitalists who had exploited them. The Revolts of 1848 represented the power of the middle and lower classes. These revolts were started as an attempt to achieve universal male suffrage. The socialists showed the workers there is a solution to the severely divided social classes. The proletariats attempted to destroy the bourgeoisies for economic equality. The middle class were the victims and many lives were taken in 1848 during the horrific â€Å"June Days. Because of the lack of leadership and organization, the working class failed in their revolution. These revolts represented the idea of socialism but also showed how much power the upper classes possessed. It is almost impossible to have a perfect socialist society and the socialists and working class of 19th century Europe failed to create one. However, the revolts and ideas of socialist thinkers showed how important the working class is. Socialism is a very important factor in the history of the 19th century. That influence has extended into present days, where there are still socialist ideologies.

Biological Attack Essay -- essays research papers

Biological Attack   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Living Terrors by Michael T. Osterholm and John Schwartz, the threat of biological attack on the United States is introduced to the public. Using Living Terrors and a number of sources that are extremely knowledgeable on the question of preparedness of the United States to a biological attack, I will argue that the United States is in no way prepared to handle a biological attack on its soil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nuclear, chemical and biological weapons are all considered weapons of mass destruction. However, unlike chemical or nuclear weapons, biological weapons combine maximum destructiveness and easy availability. According to Richard Betts, â€Å"nuclear arms have great killing capacity but are hard to get; chemical weapons are easy to get but lack such killing capacity; biological agents have both qualities† (9). In 1993, a study by the Office of Technology Assessment concluded that â€Å"a single airplane delivering 100 kilograms of anthrax spores by aerosol on a clear, calm night over Washington D.C., could kill up to 1 to 3 million people in a three hundred square mile area surrounding Washington D.C.† (Osterholm and Schwartz 9).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biological weapons are a dangerous threat to the United States. According to Eric Noji, associate director of bioterrorism preparedness for the Center for Disease Control, â€Å"the threat of chemical and biological intentional releases is a clear and present danger† (Fialka et al B1). However, there is evidence that the United States is not taking the threat of a biological attack seriously. The investigating branch of Congress named the General Accounting Office or GAO, â€Å"charged that the government has failed to properly manage the medical stockpiles developed to protect the public from the scourge of potentially devastating biological weapons† (Cohen M2). Lack of Government funding against a biological attack is also evidence that the United States is not taking the threat of bioterrorism seriously. Mohammad N. Akhter, who is the executive director of the American Public Health Association, was quoted as saying that he â€Å"barely had the budget to deal adequately with a severe outbreak of the flu, let alone contain a smallpox epidemic† (A23). In the fiscal year of 2000: The Department of Health and Human Services received $238 million out of a ... ... C. Byrd has claimed that Mr. Thompson’s comments on 60 minutes â€Å"were not credible --- especially in light of Thompson’s request for nearly $1 billion in emergency anti-terrorism projects† (Connolly A29).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Osterholm, Michael T, Ph.D., M.P.H., and John Schwartz. Living Terrors. New York: Delacorte Press, 2000. Betts, Richard K. â€Å"Biological Weapons Are a Serious Threat.† Biological and Chemical Weapons. Ed. David M. Haugen. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1998. 7. Cohen, Stephen L. â€Å"The Nation/Medicine; U.S. a sitting Duck for Bioterrorism.† Los Angeles Times 27 February 2000: M2. Fialka, John, Marilyn Chase, Neil King and Ron Winslow. â€Å"Are We   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Prepared for the Unthinkable? --- Officials Fear U.S. Ill-Equipped To Cope With Biological Or Chemical Terrorism.† Wall Street   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Journal 18 September 2001: B1. Akhter, Mohammad. â€Å"Bioterrorism: How Unready We Are.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington Post 10 October: A23. Connolly, Ceci. â€Å"Senators Criticize HHS Chief On Readiness; Bio-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Terrorism Comments ‘Will Not Really Help’.† Washington Post 4 October 2001: A29.

Behaviorism, Cognitivism, and Cconstructivism

Without going in to details, learning is† a permanent change in behavior.† (Burns, R, 1995) and can be gained through observation or interaction. These include behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. In this paper we are going to comprise and have personal reactions toward these three schools of thought. â€Å"Is there any best method in teaching English?†. This is the commonest question that English teachers raise. Most teachers try to be the best in their classrooms, but they even don't know how. Obviously, there is no best method to use in teaching English; we should take all of them in to consideration and manipulate the fruitful points. According to scholars in cognitivism and constructivism students are responsible for their own knowledge; experiences, cultural and social aspects are so important in constructing the knowledge and the teacher is a guider. In contrast to behaviorists who know humans as a programmed machine which achieve knowledge through repetition and conditioning. In my opinion, when learners think about an issue critically and have some ideas from different aspects to solve the problems, they understand the idea better, Thus, collaboration and interaction motivate the students; the motivated student has no time to devote to do other unrelated things in the classroom. Therefore, they can work in groups and have explanation or prediction and make sense of current experience. However, we can't deny the role of conditioning and repetition in learning another language. According to elements of observational learning students pay attention by marking and highlighting and as they memorize the knowledge they can remember it easily. â€Å"when individuals are learning a new behavior, they will learn it faster if they are reinforced correct response.† (Woolfolk, A, 2016). Reinforcement plays a really essential role in learning. When the teacher commends the students systematically they have more positive reactions toward their learning. As a teacher who works in ministry of education, I think behaviorism is more dominant at Iranian school. Students and their inner abilities, intelligence – according to multiple intelligence theory by Gardner – are ignored. The higher level the students are the less creativity and critical views they have. The cultural and social learning (authenticity) are ignored as well. Moreover, group working and collaborating play little role in Iranian schools. Students are not able to predict and organize their knowledge. As they are fed by the teacher they can't use the knowledge they know to understand the subject that they don't know. The focus is most on the operant conditioning and students are likely to memorize the knowledge rather than understand the point. The testing tools also are not that professional in order to evaluate students who are learning through constructivism and cognitivism. The materials which have been covered in the books are not powerful enough to juice up the students discovering abilities and help them to build their own knowledge. In conclusion, as I mentioned before none is superior to another. We have to recognize the advantages of each and use them appropriately. Teachers have to put both students' inner abilities and the effects of habit formation into consideration. But they have to help students to level up their intellectual abilities and build their own knowledge with previous experiences.

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